エニシダは枝が丈夫で、英名ブルームも「箒」という意味。欧州では実際この枝帚が掃き掃除に用いられ、魔法使いも跨いで空を飛びました。
Scotch Broom has very strong branches. In Europe, a broom made from this branch was actually used for sweeping. In addition, witches also flew in the sky using this broom.
【仮名】エニシダ
【和名】金雀枝
【英名】Scotch Broom, Common Broom
【学名】Cytisus scoparius
【誕生】03/ 11, 03/ 12, 03/ 30, 04/ 14
【開花】04, 05, 06月
【花色】Yellow
エニシダ
エニシダの概要
エニシダはマメ科の常緑低木です。原産地は地中海沿岸で、日本へは江戸時代に渡来。漢名「金雀枝」の通り、黄金色の雀たちが枝の上で並んでいるように見えるくらい花々が美しい一方、毒性のあるアルカロイド系スパルティンなどを含み、誤食で頭痛や嘔吐などを引き起こします。
エニシダの名前
エニシダの和名の由来は渡来当時の植物分類がヒトツバエニシダ属で、そのラテン語の属名「ヘニスタ」が転訛したものです。英名のブルームは「箒」という意味。欧州では実際この枝帚が掃き掃除に用いられ、魔法使いも跨いで空を飛びました。種小名スコパリウスも「箒」に由来。
エニシダの姿形
エニシダの枝は盛んに分岐して先端が垂れ下がります。葉は小さな３枚が１組で互生。花は上唇の旗弁が１枚、下唇の舟弁が２枚、左右に翼弁が２枚の蝶形です。雄しべは４本が長く、６本が短く、受粉後に露出。花後は豆果を結び、熟すと殻が弾け、中の種子が10～15ｍも飛びます。
エニシダの類似種
エニシダの類似種「姫金雀枝」はヒトツバエニシダ属の落葉低木。原産地は北西アフリカ沖のカナリア諸島です。世界中に広がり、日本でも「鉢植え金雀枝」で流通。花は小ぶりですが、枝に密に着いて数が多く、旗弁の縁が平らで、背に白毛があり、基部の蜜標が淡く目立ちません。
エニシダの近縁種
エニシダの近縁種「頬紅金雀枝」は左右の翼弁に鮮やかな赤色の暈し。「紅花金雀枝」は旗弁と舟弁が桃色で、翼弁に同じく赤色の暈しが入ります。花が白色の「白花金雀枝」は原産地が欧州のイベリア半島。その変種「石化金雀枝」は枝が平たく帯化し、生け花などに用いられます。
Scotch Broom
Overview of Scotch Broom
Scotch Broom is an evergreen shrub of the Fabaceae family. The place of origin is the Mediterranean coast, and it was brought to Japan in the Edo period. The Chinese name means “golden sparrows lined up on a branch”. While the flowers are so beautiful, they contain toxic alkaloids such as spartine, which can cause headaches and vomiting if ingested.
Name of Scotch Broom
The Japanese name of Scotch Broom, “Enishida” is derived from the genus name “Genista” according to the plant classification when it was brought to Japan. It has very strong branches, so in Europe, a broom made from this branch was actually used for sweeping. In addition, witches also flew in the sky using this broom. The specific epithet Scoparius is also derived from “broom”.
Shape of Scotch Broom
The branches of Scotch Broom branch profusely, and the tip hangs down. Three small leaves are arranged alternately in pairs. The flower is butterfly-shaped with 1 flag-petal on the upper lip, 2 boat-petals on the lower lip, and 2 wing-petals on the left and right. Stamens 4 long, 6 short, exposed after pollination. After flowering, it bears legumes, and when ripe, the shell bursts open, and the seeds inside fly 10 to 15m.
Look-alike of Scotch Broom
“Ornamental Sweet Broom” is a deciduous shrub of the Genista genus. It is native to the Canary Islands off the coast of Northwest Africa. It spreads all over the world and is distributed in Japan as “Potted Plant Broom”. The flowers are small, but densely attached to the branches and numerous. The edge of the flag valve is flat, there is white hair on the back, and the nectar at the base is pale and inconspicuous.
Relatives of Scotch Broom
“Cytisus scoparius”, a close relative of Scotch Broom, has bright red blurs on the left and right wing petals. “Cytisus purpureus” has pink flag and boat petals, and the wing petals are also shaded in red. “Cytisus multiflorus” with white flowers is native to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe. Its variant has flattened branches and is used for ikebana.
