キクの花は品種・様式が多彩。大輪種が厚物、管物、広物、中輪種が古典菊、仏花、スプレー、ポットマム、小輪種が懸崖、菊人形などです。
Florist’s Daisy has many varieties and styles. Large-flowered varieties include thick, tube and flat petals. Medium-flowered varieties include classic chrysanthemums, offering flowers, sprays and potmum. Small-flowered varieties include Kengai and Chrysanthemum dolls.
【仮名】キク, イエギク
【和名】菊, 家菊
【英名】Florist’s Daisy, Florist’s Chrysanthemum
【学名】Chrysanthemum morifolium
【誕生】09/ 09, 10/ 01, 10/ 27, 11/ 03, 11/ 23, 11/ 27, 12/ 01, 12/ 13
【開花】01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 10, 11, 12月
【花色】White, Pink, Red, Purple, Green, Yellow, Orange
キク
キクの来歴
キクはキク科の常緑多年草です。原産地は中国で、「朝鮮野菊」と「這島寒菊」の交雑種。日本へは奈良時代に渡来しました。名前は漢名「菊」の音読みで、漢字に含まれる「米」は花弁の形を表したもの。不老長寿の薬効があるとされ、重陽の節句でお花がお酒に浮かべられました。
キクの育種
キクの育種は江戸時代、各地で盛んに進められました。細長い花弁が立ち上がる「嵯峨菊」、花弁が様々に変化する「江戸菊」、縮れた花弁が垂れ下がる「伊勢菊」、武士の精神修養に用いられた「肥後菊」、アネモネのように咲く「丁子菊」。これらは現在「古典菊」と呼ばれます。
キクの大輪種
キクの大輪種は花径18cm以上で「厚物」「管物」「広物」があります。厚物は整然と咲く「厚物」、下が突き出す「厚走り」、掴まれたような「大掴み」、花弁が管状の管物は「太管」「間管」「細管」「針管」「長垂」、平たい広物は一重咲きの「一文字」、八重咲きの「美濃菊」。
キクの中輪種
キクの中輪種は花径が９～18cmです。日本由来の和菊は古典菊のほか、お盆やお彼岸などでお供えする「仏花」に。米国由来の洋菊は、「スプレーマム」が分枝の先端に多くの花を着け、「ポットマム」が矮性で鉢花や花壇に植えられ、「クッションマム」が半球状に仕立てられます。
キクの小輪種
キクの小輪種は花径が９cm以下で、色や形が豊富。「懸崖」は摘心を繰り返し、蒲鉾状に隙間なく花を咲かせます。「菊人形」は根付きの株を用い、根を水苔で巻いて内部に留め、花を表面に留めます。「食用菊」は茹でてお浸しにしたり、酢のものや合えもの、天ぷらや吸いものに。
キクの仕立て
キクの仕立て方は、「三本仕立て」が摘心で１つの苗から３本の側枝を伸ばし、１輪ずつ花をつけて草丈が高い順に「天」「地」「人」と呼ばれます。「ダルマづくり」は三本仕立ての草丈を抑えて丸い感じに。「福助づくり」も草丈を抑えますが、１本の枝に１輪の花を咲かせます。
Florist’s Daisy
History of Florist’s Daisy
Florist’s Daisy is an evergreen perennial of the Asteraceae family. Originating in China, it was a hybrid of “Chrysanthemum zawadskii” and “Chrysanthemum indicum”. It came to Japan in the Nara period. The name is the pronunciation of the Chinese name “Chrysanthemum”, and the “rice” included in the kanji represents the shape of the petals. It was said to have medicinal properties for perpetual youth and longevity, so flowers were floating in sake during the Chrysanthemum Festival.
Breeding of Florist’s Daisy
Breeding of Florist’s Daisy was actively promoted in various places during the Edo period. “Saga-giku” with elongated petals standing up, “Edo-giku” with various changing petals, “Ise-giku” with curly petals hanging down, “Higo-giku” used for spiritual training of samurai, “Choji-giku” that blooms like anemone. These are now called “classic chrysanthemums”.
Large-flowered Florist’s Daisy
Large-flowered Florist’s Daisy have a flower diameter of 18 cm or more and come in three types: thick, tube, and flat. Thick flowers are “Atsumono” blooming orderly, “Atsubashiri” protruding from the bottom, “Ohtsukami” like grasped. Tube flowers are “Thick tube”, “Medium tube”, “Thin tube”, “Needle tube”, and “Nagadare”. Flat flowers are single-flowered “Ichimonji”, and the double-flowered “Mino-giku”.
Medium-flowered Florist’s Daisy
Medium-flowered Florist’s Daisy have a flower diameter of 9 to 18 cm. In addition to classic chrysanthemums, Japanese chrysanthemums are used as “offering flowers” that are offered during Obon and the equinoctial week. Western chrysanthemums bred in the United States are “spray mum” with many flowers at the tips of branches, “pot mum” is dwarf and planted in pots and flower beds, and “cushion mum” is hemispherical.
Small-flowered Florist’s Daisy
Small-flowered Florist’s Daisy have a flower diameter of 9 cm or less, and come in a wide variety of colors and shapes. “Kengai” is repeatedly pinched, and blooms without gaps in a kamaboko shape. “Chrysanthemum dolls” is used of rooted stocks, the roots are wrapped with moss and fixed inside, and the flowers are fixed on the surface. “Edible Chrysanthemum” is boiled and dipped, vinegared, mixed, tempura and soup.
Style of Florist’s Daisy
There are some style of Florist’s Daisy. “Sanbon-shitate” is a technique in which three lateral branches are extended from one seedling by pinching, each flower is attached to it, and they are called “Heaven”, “Earth” and “Human” in order of height. “Daruma-zukuri” is Sanbon-shitate with short plant height. “Fukusuke-zukuri” also reduces the plant height, but one flower blooms on one branch.
